“Examine the reasons for changes in the patterns of marriage, divorce and cohabitation over the past 40 years.” Essay Example for Free

â€Å"Examine the purposes behind changes in the examples of marriage, separation and dwelling together in the course of the last 40 years.† Essay The examples of marriage, separation and dwelling together in the course of recent years has changed fundamentally. In 1972, the most noteworthy ever number of couples (480,000) since the Second World War got hitched. Presently, clearly there is an explanation behind this. As indicated by the Office for National Statistics (ONS), this was because of the time of increased birth rates age of the 1950s arriving at eligible age and these individuals deciding to wed at a more youthful age contrasted and past ages. Be that as it may, after this period, the quantity of relationships in England and Wales at that point went into decrease. Most as of late, relationships arrived at an unsurpassed low in 2005 when just 244,710 couples got hitched. A few people would state that it came to so low since individuals are dismissing marriage and are not, at this point made a fuss over it. Yet, indeed, insights uncover that numerous individuals are really postponing marriage. It is said that a great many people will wed sooner or later in their lives, yet individuals are choosing to wed further down the road, in all likelihood after a time of dwelling together. An explanation behind this is most likely in light of the fact that couples need to â€Å"Test the water† before they make any duties. Proof to help the â€Å"marrying later in life† see is that the normal age for first-time connects in quite a while 29 years and for all husbands to be 31 years, contrasted and 22 for ladies and 24 for men in 1971. Specifically ladies might need to defer marriage so they can propel their profession possibilities. Just as a decrease in the all out number of relationships, there is likewise a decrease in marriage rates (the quantity of individuals wedding per 1000 of the populace matured 16 and over). In 1994, the marriage rate was 11.4 yet this had declined to 10.3 by 2004. The male rate declined from 36.3 in 1994 to 27.8 in 2004 while the female rate declined from 30.6 to 24.6. By and by, despite the fact that there is a decrease, British Social Attitude Surveys show that a great many people, regardless of whether single, separated or cohabitating, still consider union with be an alluring all consuming purpose, and in this manner will no doubt will get hitched sooner or later, especially on the off chance that they are having kids, since they accept this is best done with regards to marriage. Another adjustment in the examples of marriage is that two fifths of all relationships are remarriages, in which one or the two accomplices have been separated. These individuals are clearly dedicated to the organization of marriage regardless of their past negative understanding of it. The explanation behind this pattern might in light of the fact that their first relationships were vacant shell relationships. This is the place there is no adoration or closeness between them, yet the marriage endures for the kids until they are mature enough. They at that point may have needed to begin another life, including a re-marriage. Regardless of the decline in the general number of individuals wedding, wedded couples are as yet the primary sort of association for people in the UK. In 2005, seven out of ten families were going by a wedded couple. As far as Divorce †the legitimate closure of a marriage, this has expanded quickly since 1969 because of a bit of enactment that conceded separate based on â€Å"irretrievable breakdown† †the Divorce Reform Act of 1969. Likewise, since 1984, couples have had the option to appeal to for separate after the primary commemoration of their marriage. This law made the Divorce rate shoot high since it for the most part made it simpler and less expensive to end relationships. What's more, individuals were at long last ready to legitimately to end all associations, as beforehand when separation was either excessively costly or hard to get, division was exceptionally normal, which was the point at which a couple chose to live away from one another. To really expound of the pattern of expanded separations, in 1993, the quantity of separations crested at 180,000. By 2000, this figure had tumbled to 154,000, despite the fact that the years 2001 †2004 have seen a steady ascent to 167,100. There are presently almost half the same number of separations as relationships and, if present patterns proceed, about 40% of current relationships will end in separate. A worthy explanation behind this expanding pattern of separation is that it is no longer connected with disgrace and disgrace. Britain’s culture depends on Christian religion, and Christians accept that marriage is forever (‘till demise do us part’). Nonetheless, over years, changes in mentalities and secularization have risen, and the view that separation can prompt more noteworthy joy for the individual is progressively adequate. A third explanation which could clarify the expanding divorce rates is down to ladies needing to improve instructive and vocation openings. In 1870, the Education Act passed by Gladstone’s government implied that each youngster between the ages of five and fifteen had the open door for rudimentary instruction. In addition to the fact that this produced a huge proficient age of individuals, yet it likewise improved the young ladies perusing and composing capacity, which recently was a lot of lower than young men. Presently, ladies have their own steady vocations with a decent pay, and in this manner don't need to be miserably hitched in light of the fact that they are monetarily reliant on their significant other. Women's activists note that women’s desires for marriage have profoundly changed, contrasted and past ages. During the 1990s, most separation petitions were advanced by ladies. This may bolster Thornes and Collard’s (1979) see that ladies expect unmistakably more from marriage than men and, specifically, that they esteem companionship and enthusiastic delight more than then do. In the event that spouses neglect to adore up to these desires, ladies may want to look somewhere else. All things considered, the quantity of separation procedures began by ladies is about 70%. At long last, functionalist sociologists contend that high separation rates are proof that marriage is progressively esteemed and that individuals are requesting better expectations from their accomplices. They accept that couples are not, at this point arranged to endure troubled, void shell relationships, as individuals need passionate and sexual similarity and balance, just as friendship. It is said that some are in any event, ready to experience various accomplices to accomplish these objectives, and on the off chance that they wed each time they meet another accomplice, at that point clearly they will contribute significantly more to the increasing separation rates. The last region of the assorted family is dwelling together. The essential pattern of living together is that it is on the expansion and has been for the most recent decade. The extent of non-wedded individuals living together has risen pointedly over the most recent 20 years from 11% of men and 13% of ladies in 1986 to 24% and 25% separately. In 2007, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) recommended that living together couples are the quickest developing family type in the UK. Truth be told, around 2.2 million families are living together couples with or without youngsters. This family type has developed by 65% since 1997, and extremely, the numbers are probably going to be higher than this in light of the fact that the ONS information did exclude same-sex couples living respectively. Likewise, the ONS information recommended that 33% of youngsters in 2007 were bound to live together as opposed to wed, contrasted and one out of ten of their grandparents. As we assembled that the general pattern is on the expansion, it’s great to know the reasons why. One of the principal reasons, which I referenced prior on, is that individuals like to live together to â€Å"test the water.† During this period, they will survey whether they (the couple) are perfect with one another and whether they will have the option to live with one another before making such a responsibilities. All things considered, dwelling together on normal goes on for a long time, which then 60% of cohabitees will at that point wed. Another purpose behind the said pattern is that there are countless individuals who live respectively while sitting tight for a separation. For instance, in 2005, 23% of living together men were isolated from a pervious accomplice while 36% were separated. So albeit an individual might be hitched, they may have isolated and moved into another house to live with an individual they have met. They will at that point be considered a cohabitee. A third explanation behind the expanded pace of living together could be on the grounds that individuals are put off the expense of marriage. As per Wedding Guide UK, the normal expense of a customary wedding in the UK is around  £11,000. Notwithstanding the value, a few people are likewise put off in light of the strict function of marriage. This is on the grounds that extra time we have become a progressively common society. Both of these elements to certain individuals will forgo them wedding, on the grounds that in their eyes they consider it to be long as they are with one another in an upbeat and adoring relationship, they don’t need a ring or a bit of paper with their names on it.

Organizing Your Genealogy Files

Arranging Your Genealogy Files Heaps of duplicates of old records, printouts from ancestry sites, and letters from individual lineage scientists are sitting in heaps on the work area, in boxes, and even on the floor. Some are even blended in with bills and your childrens school papers. Your papers may not be totally disordered if youre requested something explicit, you can most likely discover it, yet it unquestionably isnt a recording framework that you would depict as effective. In all honesty, the arrangement is as straightforward as finding a hierarchical framework that suits your necessities and research propensities and afterward making it work. It probably won't be as basic as it sounds, yet it is feasible and will eventually assist with shielding you from wasting your time and copying research. Which Filing System is Best Solicit a gathering from genealogists how they compose their documents, and youre liable to find the same number of various solutions as genealogists. There are various well known family history association frameworks, including folios, journals, records, and so on., yet there genuinely is no individual framework which is ideal or right. We as a whole might suspect and carry on in an unexpected way, so at last the most significant thought in setting up your documenting framework is that it must accommodate your own style. The best association framework is consistently the one that you will utilize. Subduing the Paper Monster As your lineage venture advances youll find that you have various paper reports to petition for every person that you inquire about birth records, evaluation records, paper articles, wills, correspondence with individual scientists, Web website printouts, and so on. Try to build up a recording framework that will empower to effortlessly lay your fingers on any of these archives whenever. Generally utilized genealogical documenting frameworks include: By Surname: All papers for an individual last name are documented together.By Couple or Family: All papers identified with a husband and spouse or nuclear family are recorded together.By Family Line: All papers identified with a particular family line are documented together. Numerous genealogists start by beginning with four such familial lines one for every one of their grandparents.By Event: All papers identified with a particular occasion type (for example birth, marriage, registration, and so on.) are documented together. Starting with any of the four frameworks referenced above, you could then further compose your papers into the accompanying classes: By Location: Papers are first gathered by one of the four family history documenting frameworks recorded above, and afterward further separated by nation, state, region, or town to mirror your predecessors relocation. For instance, on the off chance that you picked the Surname Method, you would initially bunch every single CRISP predecessor, and afterward further separate the heaps into the England CRISPs, the North Carolina CRISPs, and the Tennessee CRISPs.By Record Type: Papers are first assembled by one of the four family history documenting frameworks recorded above, and afterward further separated by record type (for example birth records, evaluation records, wills, and so on.). Folios, Folders, Notebooks, or Computer The initial step to beginning a hierarchical framework is to settle on the essential physical structure for your documenting (heaps dont tally!)  file envelopes, scratch pad, folios, or PC plates. File organizer and File Folders: File envelopes, likely the most well known hierarchical device for genealogists, are reasonable, entirely versatile, and effectively hold papers of various shapes and sizes. When dropped, in any case, document organizers can turn out to be a serious play with papers tossed faulty, and conceivably lost. Record envelopes make it simple to counsel reports, however you must be persistent about ensuring the paper is returned where it originated from. Once youve created a great deal of paper, in any case, the document organizer framework is the most adaptable and expandable.Binders: If youre somebody who truly prefers to keep things together in one spot, at that point arranging your printed family history information into fasteners might be a decent alternative for you. This strategy normalizes your genealogical records into a customary size paper group. Archives that you dont wish to three-gap punch, can be included polypropylene sleeves. Folios are co mpact and dont require a file organizer, notwithstanding, in the event that you do a great deal of genealogical research you may find that fasteners in the long run become excessively unwieldy on their own.​ PC Disks, CDs, and DVDs: Transcribing or filtering genealogical records into the PC can spare a considerable amount of room, and electronic authoritative frameworks can significantly accelerate repetitive assignments, for example, arranging and cross-referencing. Disc ROM quality has additionally incredibly improved, as far as anyone knows enduring inconclusively under legitimate stockpiling conditions. Yet, will your relatives at least a long time from now have a PC that can understand them? In the event that you decide to utilize your PC as your essential hierarchical framework, think about additionally making and protecting duplicates or printouts of significant records. When you begin arranging your genealogical mess, youll most likely locate that a blend of capacity techniques works best. A few people, for instance, use fasteners to sort out demonstrated family and document envelopes for various research on dubious associations, neighborhood or region research, and correspondence. It is critical to remember that association is and consistently will be a work in progress. Arranging Your Genealogy Using File Folders To set up and use document envelopes to arrange your family history records you will require the accompanying fundamental supplies: A file organizer or record boxes with covers. The containers should be solid, ideally plastic, with even internal edges or furrows for letter-size hanging files.Colored, letter-size hanging document foldersâ in blue, green, red, and yellow. Search for ones with enormous tabs. You can likewise set aside a touch of cash here by buying standard green hanging document envelopes rather and utilizing shaded marks for the shading coding.Manila organizers. These ought to have marginally littler tabs than the hanging record organizers and ought to have fortified tops to last through overwhelming use.Pens. For best outcomes, utilize a pen with a ultra fine point, felt tip, and dark, changeless, corrosive free ink.Highlighters. Purchase highlighters in light blue, light green, yellow, and pink (dont utilize red since it is excessively dim). Hued pencils additionally work.Labels for document envelopes. These names ought to have blue, green, red and yellow strips along the top and perpetual ceme nt on the back. Once youve gathered your provisions, its opportunity to begin with the record envelopes. Utilize distinctive shaded document envelopes for the heredities of every one of your four grandparents at the end of the day, all organizers made for the progenitors of one grandparent will be set apart with a similar shading. The hues you select are up to you, yet the accompanying shading decisions are the most widely recognized: BLUE - precursors of your fatherly granddad (fathers father)GREEN - predecessors of your fatherly grandma (fathers mother)RED - progenitors of your maternal granddad (moms father)YELLOW - predecessors of your maternal grandma (moms mother) Utilizing the hues as sketched out above, make a different envelope for every family name, composing names on the hanging record tab embed with the dark indelible marker (or printing embeds on your printer). At that point balance the documents in sequential request in your record box or bureau by shading (for example put the blues in order in one gathering, the greens in another gathering, and so on.). In the event that youre new to family history investigate, this might be all you have to do. In the event that you have aggregated a ton of notes and copies, nonetheless, it is presently time to partition. Here is the place you have to pick how you need to compose your records. The two most famous techniques as talked about on page 1 of this article are: by Surname (further separated varying by Locality or potentially Record Type)by Couple or Family Group The fundamental recording guidelines are the equivalent for each, the thing that matters is essentially by they way they are sorted out. In the event that you arent sure yet which strategy will work best for you, have a go at utilizing the Surname technique for one last name and the Family Group strategy for a couple of families. See which one suits you best, or build up your own mix of the two. Family Group Method Make a family bunch sheet for each wedded couple recorded on your family diagram. At that point set up manila organizers for every one of the families by putting a shaded name on the record envelope tab. Match the name shading to the shade of the fitting family line. On each mark, compose the names of the couple (utilizing theâ maiden nameâ for the spouse) and the numbers from yourâ pedigree chartâ (most family diagrams use theâ ahnentafel numbering framework). Model: James OWENS and Mary CRISP, 4/5. At that point place these manila family envelopes in the balancing organizers for the proper last name and shading, masterminded in sequential order request by the spouses first name or in numerical request by the numbers from your family graph. In the front of every manila envelope, join the family bunch record of the family to fill in as a list of chapters. In the event that there was more than one marriage, make a different envelope with a family bunch record for one another marriage. Every family organizer ought to incorporate all reports and notes from the hour of a couples marriage. Archives which relate to occasions preceding their marriage ought to be documented in the envelopes of their folks, for example, birth testaments and family registration records. Last name and Record Type Method In the first place, sort your documents by family name, and afterward make manila organizers for every one of the record types for which you have administrative work by putting a hued mark on the record envelope tab, coordinating the name shading to the last name. On each mark, compose the name of the family name, trailed by the record type. Model: CRISP: Census, CRISP: Land Records. At that point place these manila family organizers in the hanging envelopes for

How to Write a Paper on an Interview

How to Write a Paper on an InterviewHow to write a paper on an interview? This is a question many students ask when they are going to college for the first time. Of course, if you are one of those who have a book from school with lots of assignments, you will be one of those who is going to struggle a bit, but if you keep yourself mentally prepared and focused on what you need to do, you will surely succeed.When you are going to a business school that is professional, or one that offers business courses such as accounting or marketing, there is always an interview and sometimes a test or mock interview that you will do. This is done in order to see whether you really belong in the institution. Of course, the employers will see your papers if you are really good enough, otherwise they will not hire you. When you are going to college for the first time, you will most likely be assigned to a group that is responsible for making sure that each and every student is going to be successful. The paper they assign you will depend on what sort of student you are.Some papers will ask you about how you learned something during your interview. In this case, you will write something based on the responses that were given. Sometimes, the interviewers will also ask you to write something about the difficulties that they faced when interviewing you. You should not forget about this part because it can be very helpful.For the essay, you should also take into account how you know some of the things. For example, there will be instances when the interviewer will ask you if you were able to tell the interviewer that she has cancer. Of course, the interviewer may also ask you to write about your experiences when you met someone who was terminally ill. This means that you should be very descriptive in your description because you will also need to show how you have already overcome your fears and anxieties. This can be very useful and you should never forget to mention it.Some other tips when writing your student's papers include learning how to write a compelling paper. This is because you need to convince the interviewer about your abilities. Of course, the interview may also help you. Other times, you will be asked to explain how you went on to do something with your life because you know that it has helped other people. Writing something that shows that you are prepared and that you are able to solve problems, are some of the best ways to prove that you have what it takes to be successful.Another tip that you should keep in mind is to give your interview a finish date so that you will know when you should start writing your paper. Also, you should be prepared for your time because it may require you to be in the room where the interview will take place. Make sure that you will not get distracted because this is important in order to come up with the most convincing paper possible.So, when you are going to the university for the first time, remember that you will be asked how to write a paper on an interview. The first thing that you should do is to prepare yourself so that you will be able to answer this question in the best way possible.Remember that if you are going to one of the professional school, you should prepare yourself so that you will be able to answer this question. This will help you to be able to ace this interview and make yourself successful.

A Dolls House - 1973 Production with Claire Bloom

Terrorism in the City of Boston Essay - 1228 Words

On April 15, 2013 there was a horrific scene that occurred on the street in the city of Boston. This all happened while a widely recognized event took place which was the Boston Athletic Associations yearly marathon. Many people attend this marathon each year, in 2013 it is said that 38,708 entries were received to run in the marathon. With such a large amount of people attending this you can see why it would be important for a terrorists to plot an attack, such an attack would devastate and scare not only people around the Boston area but nationwide. Two brothers by the name of Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev were affiliated with a foreign terrorist organization that has roots in Chechnya, had planted two bombs near the finish line at the†¦show more content†¦A friend of one of the attackers had seen a familiar face on the news, however did not report that he might possibly know the identity of the attackers. Later on Thursday night a police officer was shot and killed which was expected to be the terrorists attempting to flee. However it wasn’t until Friday that police had gotten into a gunfight with the terrorists and shot and killed Dzhokhar Tsarnev, and wounding Tamerlan. The city of Boston was put on lockdown until the last standing attacker was caught after fleeing and escaping authorities. By the end of the night, authorities were notified about the whereabouts of Tamerlan. He was hiding in a boat in someone’s backyard with various wounds. He was later caught where he could face trial for the horrific acts that he and his brother had committed. Every moment since the bombings had occurred the media was covering the story nonstop. The first day the news was covering what exactly had happened on the day of the bombing and trying to figure out who the attackers were. No one knew whether it was Al Qaida or the Taliban, or Hamas or any other terrorists organization. The nation was left with unanswered questions at this point. It wasnâ⠂¬â„¢t until later on in the week that the story about this attack began to unfold. News titles such as â€Å"Mourning, resolve and quest for answers after deadly Boston Marathon bombs† were covered. There were so many unanswered questions regarding the bombing upShow MoreRelatedThe Boston Marathon Bombing Essay1702 Words   |  7 PagesThe Boston Marathon is an annual marathon hosted by several cities in Greater Boston in eastern Massachusetts. It is always held on Patriot’s Day, the third Monday in April. Begun in 1897, the Boston Marathon is the world’s oldest annual marathons and ranks as the world’s best-known road-racing events (â€Å"Boston Bombing,† n.d.). But on April 15, 2013, the marathon made history for something else. At approximately 2:49 EST, two pressure cooker bombs struck near the finish line of the marathon, leavingRead MoreThe Attack On The World Trade Center Bombing1092 Words   |  5 PagesSeeing them around the world may h ave hurt, but not as bad as seeing it in your own backyard, when you and your neighbors are being targeted. By definition Terrorism is usually a small group who kills suddenly or secretively. Many terrorist attacks are the attack on the World Trade Center and Pentagon on the attack of September 11,2001, the Oklahoma City bombing, the 1993 World Trade Center Bombing, the Wall Street bombing and, the U.S.S. Cole bombings are some of the worst terrorist attacks to happenRead MoreTerrorism Is A Major Criminal Act922 Words   |  4 PagesTerrorism is a major criminal act that effects a mass majority of people. Terrorism can be anything. Former terrorism acts include the Oklahoma City bombing, the major September 11th attacks on the world trade center, and one of the most recent terrorist acts being the Boston Marathon bombing. Terrorism does not discriminate. Anyone can be a victim of a terrorist attack. This statement is proven true in the multiple accounts of Terrorism going on in the Middle Eastern countries, however America alsoRead MoreThe Effects Of The 9 / 11 Attack And The Boston Marathon Bombing771 Words   |  4 PagesTerrorism is often used in asymmetric power struggles. In this source it said terrorism is, â€Å"When a weaker person, or group, is fighting against a powerful nation-state.† Terrorist groups have begun using the internet and media to spread fear. Also, to impact public opinion with their political or social message. Terrorism has been around for a very long time. Resources of the United States and other countries have been directed toward ending terrorism in American and around the world. Two majorRead MoreTerrorism: Changing Security in the United States 820 Words   |  4 PagesIn the past few decades, there have been various terrorist attacks throughout the world. Most importantly, countless acts of terrorism have been committed in the United States of America, that have gradually influenced the way the American security syste m and security at public buildings, public places, are run. Because of this act of terror, the American government has made protecting its citizens and country a top priority. These attacks, and the nations response to them security-wise, stillRead MoreThe Paris And Brussels Attacks1258 Words   |  6 Pageswas happened at the time. I knew it wasn t good by seeing everybody crying, the president was always on TV and the flags were constantly flying at half staff. Fast forwards twelve years later and now terrorist are attacking the city that I live in. Unfortunately terrorism is becoming a predominate issue for not only us in the United States but for our Allies in Europe. The Paris and Brussels attacks are proof that even 15 years later we are still faced with a dangerous problem. Groups like Al-Qa’idaRead MoreIs Terrorism An Insurable Risk?1719 Words   |  7 Pagesa) is terrorism an insurable risk? Terrorism is considered insurable until the insurmountable loss of the attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Prior to 9/11, terrorism did not consider a risk by insurance companies and was covered in most standard all-risks commercial and homeowners policies’ that covered property and contents damages. However, the extreme event of September 11 accumulated a loss of approximately $40 billion and the magnitude of this loss was too large for the insuranceRead MoreTerrorism Is A Modern Political And Economic Topic On America1376 Words   |  6 PagesTerrorism has become a modern political and economic topic in America. It is the existence of Terrorists attacks in America that has changed the way people travels both domestic and foreign and also now viewed as an issue and conflicts that exist within the nation’s borders and domestically (Shemella, 373 ). The United States has since be a country with ideal ability to protect the many citizens from attacks and live in peace, but the infiltration of terrorist has kept a change in Americans heartRead MoreCombatting Against Terrorism Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pagesno different with Terrorism. Although terrorism has dated back to the 1920’s as far as United States history goes, the 21st century has brought on a new age of terrorism comparable to the Red Scare of the 1950’s. The frequency of terroristic threats and attacks in the 21st century outnumber the terroristic threats and attacks of the eighty years prior to the beginning of the 21st century, exhibiting the unfortunate fact that terrorism is a trending crime. Essentially, Terrorism has become the sourceRead MoreThe Bombing Of The United States Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesOn Monday, April 15, 2013, two brothers, Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, detonated a homemade bomb near the Boston Marathon killing three people and maiming dozens others. Tamerlan, the older brother died in the process leaving Dzhokhar to answer for the heinous crime. Critics are advocating that the surviving bomber, being a US citizen, should have been read his rights before extracting any information from him. Granted that Tsarnaev, a US citizen s Sixth Amendment of the Bill of Rights were violated

Security in the Cloud Essay - 2440 Words

Problem Statement Discussion and Justification Cloud users face security threats both from outside and inside the cloud. Many of the security issues involved in protecting clouds from outside threats are similar to those already facing large data centers. In the cloud, however, this responsibility is divided among potentially many parties, including the cloud user, the cloud vendor, and any third-party vendors that users rely on for security-sensitive software or configurations. The cloud user is responsible for application-level security. The cloud provider is responsible for physical security, and likely for enforcing external firewall policies. Security for intermediate layers of the software stack is shared between the user and the†¦show more content†¦The one important exception is the risk of inadvertent data loss. Its difficult to imagine someone spying on the contents of virtual machine memory; its easy to imagine a hard disk being disposed of without being wiped, or a permissions bug making data visible improperly. Traditional attacks on software They are related to the vulnerability of network protocols, operating systems, modular components, and others. These are traditional threats, and to protect from them it will be sufficient to install an anti-virus, firewall, IPS, and other components discussed. It is important that these remedies should be adapted to a cloud infrastructure, and work effectively in virtualization (Winkler, 2011). Functional attacks on elements of the cloud This type of attacks is associated with multi-layer nature of clouds, the general principle of security that the general protection of the system is equal to the protection of the weakest link. Thus, a successful DoS-attack on the reverse proxy placed in front of the cloud will block the access to the entire cloud, despite the fact that all the connections inside the cloud will operate without interference (Winkler, 2011). Similarly, SQL-injection coming through an application server will provide access to system data regardless of the access rules in data storage layer. To protect against functional attacks each layer of the cloud should use a specific means ofShow MoreRelatedCloud Computing Security : Cloud Technology Security1906 Words   |  8 Pagesthe term cloud to describe the business model of providing services across the internet. Since then cloud computing has become the most popular IT standards. It is used by various organizations to consume shared computing and storage resources in less time and reduced cost. Cloud Computing Security Cloud computing security is a set of control based technologies and policies that must follow certain rules in order to protect applications, data and any information associated with cloud computingRead MoreCloud Computing Security And Security1432 Words   |  6 PagesCloud Computing is a new computing model where data can be stored in the cloud environment can be accessed from anywhere-anytime due to the distributed architecture of cloud environment [1]. Many companies provide the cloud computing platforms such as Google, Amazon, IBM, Microsoft, and VMware. The use of the cloud computing is increased a lot in the real world as it effective and efficiency in the developing the applications and also as the resources are easily available on cloud whichRead MoreEssay On Cloud Security1577 Words   |  7 PagesCloud Computing Security Yachi Kathuria Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Manav Rachna International University Email: yachikathuria16@gmail.com Abstract Being one of the largest growing technologies in the world right now, cloud computing is gaining a lot of popularity. Many people and organizations are moving from the traditional computing systems to the cloud computing. Giving so many benefits like low cost, high service availability and data accessibility, cloud computing isRead MoreThe Security Of Cloud Computing1395 Words   |  6 Pagestake a look into what is could computing and what are the potential security issues, I will be covering topics such as why would a company use cloud computing and how could computing is beneficial for an organisation. I will also look into the security of cloud computing. I will then go on to discuss what is being done to combat these issues, touching on the policies used by Netflix, Sony and Apple. Technical usage of the term cloud computing is the description of distributed systems, the running ofRead MoreThe Cloud Service Provider For Cloud Security1279 Words   |  6 PagesParameters affecting cloud security There are various security issues for distributed computing as it envelops numerous technologies which includes operating systems, transaction management, networks, resource scheduling, memory management, databases, concurrency control, virtualization, load balancing. Security Issues faced by Cloud computing Whenever an examination about cloud security is occurred there will be particularly to accomplish for it. The cloud service provider for cloud ensures that theRead MoreCloud Computing Security1256 Words   |  5 PagesCloud computing security or, more simply, cloud security is an evolving sub-domain of computer security, network security, and, more broadly, information security. It refers to a broad set of policies, technologies, and controls deployed to protect data, applications, and the associated infrastructure of cloud computing. Cloud security is not to be confused with security software offerings that are cloud-based such as security as a service. Issues in Security of Cloud Organizations use the CloudRead MoreSecurity in The Cloud Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pages Security in the cloud Hackers have gotten there way into every technological gadget out there. Something simple as browsing the web can give hackers information about the people’s data. Before Cloud computing, hackers were stealing data from the physical hard drive by implementing a virus that would open a back door and send the data straight to the hacker’s server. As security measure Enterprises, small businesses and the normal consumers have started to store data on the cloud. HoweverRead MoreThe Cloud Storage : Security1670 Words   |  7 PagesCloud Storage: Security Imagine you are going to a technology conference in japan that your company spent thousands of dollars to get you to and you have been given the privilege of speaking at. You fly all the way there and of course your luggage with all of your files including your whole presentation and speech, computer, and not to mention your clothes is left back at Orlando International airport. Just a few years ago this would have been detrimental. You would have had no way to get to yourRead MoreCloud Security And Trends Of Cloud Computing5158 Words   |  21 PagesCloud Security and Trends Contributor Institute email Abstract The periphery of cloud computing is growing quick as the exchange of data is strengthening globally. The cloud range of computing is giving the clients overpowering experiences. Alongside its numerous positive elements it likewise presented risk and dangers in web based environment. Since the emergence of cloud computing there remains security and privacy issues, which has connection to its multi-tenancy nature and outsourcing ofRead MoreCloud Computing And The Security2502 Words   |  11 Pages1 ABSTRACT Cloud computing security is combination of control-based technologies like network security, pc security, info security and policies designed to bind the restrictive compliance rules. It s primarily wont to shield info, knowledge applications and infrastructure related to cloud computing use. The zoom in field of â€Å"cloud computing† has multiplied severe security issues like securing knowledge, and examining the use of cloud by the cloud computing vendors. the most plan is to spot the foremost

Othello Essay Research Paper William Shakespeare was free essay sample

Othello Essay, Research Paper William Shakespeare was and is considered a poetic mastermind. He produced 37 dramas and 54 sonnets. Indebted to Petrarch, Shakespeare however devised most of his ain sonnets in a signifier that would come to be called the English Sonnet: quatrains ( four-lined stanzas ) with surrogate rimes, followed in a concluding pair. Shakespeare is responsible for the most important dramatic literature. Indeed, secular play was Renaissance and England s, most original part to the humanistic tradition. ( Fiero 3: 98 A ; 100 ) Shakespeare s calamity in Othello is one of enviousness and treachery. The major Tragedy is how Othello and Desdemona s love is denied because of prevarications and treachery. The prevarications caused Othello to kill his one true love and take her from himself, so that no 1 else shall hold her but him. He besides takes his ain life after he realizes that why he killed her is a prevarication. Othello s decease showed us that he could non populate with out his married woman, even after he is the 1 who killed her. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello Essay Research Paper William Shakespeare was or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In my sentiment Shakespeare s great calamities have to make with a love that is taken all the manner to the bound of decease and past it. It is like the narrative of the Titanic. The obstructions that come in the lovers manner, the stronger they try to populate for the happy stoping and even when they know decease is the result, they still fight on for there love. The development of the character of Iago is from the subject of treachery to the 1s he loves. He uses everything in his way to turn everyone who loves Othello against him. He begins by utilizing Roderigo s love for Desdemona, by pull stringsing him into advising her male parent of her matrimony to the Moor. He gets Cassio rummy to turn out to everyone he is out of control. He so workss thoughts of criminal conversation between Desdemona and Cassio in Othello s caput. Iago the toxicant s Othello so that he may hallucinate about the personal businesss of his married woman. When Othello inquiries his allegations of his married woman, he demands grounds of the matter. Iago so uses Emilia to acquire clasp of the scarf so that he may works it on Cassio, so that Othello may happen it and believe all his allegations. The treachery from Iago farther develops because while he is seting all these seeds, he is stating the people he is utilizing wholly different narratives so they won Ts catch onto his programs. When he eventually convinces Othello that all his prevarications are truth, he so watches as all the people he used dice. He winds up killing Emilia and Roderigo because they try to expose him and he tries to kill Cassio because of the orders of Othello. He so allows Othello to kill his married woman and even workss the method of decease in his caput to utilize on Desdemona. He witnesses Othello s self-destruction after he is informed of Iago treacheries and so experiences his ain decea se to his actions. The growth of the character would hold been nil without the changeless treachery he did to the 1s he used and abused. At no point did he hold compunction and believe that he could halt this at a given point, he merely went destructing his trueness to everyone. Bibliography: Othello Presented by Castle Rock Entertainment Directed by Oliver Parker Production by A Dakota Films/Imminent Films Produced by Luc Roeg and David Barron 1995 Starring- Lawrence Fishburne as Othello Kenneth Branah as Iago Irene Jacob as Desdemona Nathaniel Parker as Casio Micheal Maloney as Roderigo Anna Patrick as Emilia Fiero, Gloria K. , The Genius of Shakespeare, Vol. 3, The Humanistic Tradition, 3rd edition, NY: McGraw Hill, 1998

Lincoln Electric

Lincoln Electric is one of world leading companies providing welding equipment. The company was established at the end of the nineteenth century and now it is operating in five continents. In 2005, the net income of Lincoln Electric was $122 million (Siegel 3). The company’s success can be explained by effective strategies employed.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Lincoln Electric specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the company managed to develop efficient functional strategies. These strategies include the â€Å"use of employee stock ownership†, bonuses â€Å"determined by merit ratings†, piecework pay and so on (Siegel 3). These incentives increased employees’ motivation and the quality of products provided also improved. It is also noteworthy that the company manufactured arc welding equipment as well as consumable products. This diversification has enabled the compa ny to meet consumer’s needs and the company’s revenues increased. As for increasing efficiency, the strategy mentioned above was crucial. Apart from diversification and proper human resources management, Lincoln Electric marketed its products in 19 countries. At that, when the company was facing certain problems, the CEO managed to increase efficiency of facilities through closing unprofitable plants and eliminating duplication in other plants. When it comes to increasing quality, the company implemented a number of successful strategies aimed at development of new products. The RD department of the company patented various products that were hits in the field of welding industry. As has been mentioned above, employees were motivated to produce high-quality products and this also contributed greatly to the overall quality of products manufactured. Increasing innovation is closely connected with increasing quality. However, it is important to add that the company used i nnovative strategies in production (patented new efficient products) as well as other spheres (introduced effective HR strategies, diversified production). The company’s success is also rooted in increasing customer responsiveness. This was achieved through development of user-friendly equipment that was able to solve numerous issues consumers may have faced during their work with the company’s products. Diversification was a key element of this process.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lincoln Electric launched a very effective Guaranteed Cost Reduction Program through which it guaranteed that users of the company’s products would save money (Siegel 5). Through this program, Lincoln Electric developed quite close relationships with its consumers. Sponsoring such sporting events as NASCAR and NHRA also contributed to increasing customer responsivenes s. It is necessary to highlight the most effective business level strategies. These include optimization. As has been mentioned above, the company’s CEO managed to close unprofitable facilities in a number of countries and optimize functioning of others. Elimination of duplicating certain process had a positive impact on the company’s development. The focus on quality of products as well as diversity was also beneficial for the company. Finally, company’s’ HR policies led to development of trustful relationship between management and employees (Siegel 4). Corporate level strategies have also been effective. Thus, the company’s readiness to expand was central to its success in the world. The company managed to identify major markets where their products would be in demand. At the same time, the company’s CEOs were not afraid to close facilities that had been unprofitable. Importantly, Lincoln Electric was the company that managed facilities e ffectively and eliminated any reduplication. Finally, in the time of global financial constraints, the company was also successful in acquisitions. The policy to acquire assets of companies well established in certain markets has proved to be effective and the company managed to remain the leader in the global market. Works Cited Siegel, Jordan. â€Å"Lincoln Electric.† Harvard Business School (2008): 1-24. Print. This case study on Lincoln Electric was written and submitted by user Jerome Gamble to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Homo Habilis essays

Homo Habilis essays How do we describe early human behaviour? Certainly this is a debate that has been argued more than once. It seems that there has been some kind of a consensus between archaeologists and anthropologists that the earliest form of human behaviour was the making of tools. It is generally recognised that early Australopiths may have used rudimentary tools in much the way modern chimps do to coax termites from there nests, but these where simply fashioned sticks and twigs. (Feder, 1996 p.79) Scientists were looking for a hominid that had the ability to create a permanent tool. Feder (1996) was certain that this required increased intelligence and a sophisticated process of forethought.(p.79) These tools where found in the form of stone tools made by the early hominid Homo habilis. Homo habilis, handy man represented an important turning point in the evolution of humans. The species appeared about 2.5million years ago. It is likely that it evolved from Austalopithecus afarensis or africanus and the main thing that differentiated it from early hominids was the brain size. This had increased by over 20 percent from earlier hominids but was still only about one third the size of modern man. This was revealed through skulls found in Africa, which exhibited a rounded cranium resulting from an increased brain capacity. (Mohammed, 2002) This increased brain size allowed Homo habilis to develop a characteristic that is unique to man, the ability to engineer tools. Homo habilis set out to create tools by deliberately hammering on rocks to crack and flake them into useful shapes. Oldawan tools, named by Louis and Mary Leakey, are the oldest stone tools found to date. The Leakeys made their discovery in 1935. The tools date back to some 2.5 million years (Feder, 1996). Oldawan describes tools that had a specific shape and were sharpened in a specific way. The name is derived from the Olduvai Gorge area in ...

Stock market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Stock market - Essay Example Gross Domestic Product is the total market value of all the final goods and services produced within a nation's borders in a given time period. Each goods and services produced and brought in the market have a price. The price of the total output is called as GDP. It can be measured by either cumulating all the income earned in the economy or all the spending in the economy and both measures should roughly equate to the same total. GDP is the basic measure of an economy's size. With the GDP used as a key indicator of economic activity and future economic prospects, any significant change in the GDP, either up or down, can have a major effect on stock market investors' sentiment. If investors believe that the economy is improving, and corporate earnings improving along with it, then they are more likely to bid stock prices to higher levels. Conversely, an actual or expected decline in GDP is very likely to run in parallel or in advance to a declining stock market. There is an alternat ive view to the interplay between GDP and the stock market. The stock market itself may exert a reverse effect on subsequent economic activity: a fall in the market may erode personal wealth, real or perceived, such that individuals will stop spending. With consumer spending representing around two-thirds of GDP, even a small change in consumption can exert significant negative effects on GDP. This is referred to as the "wealth effect", where if investors feel poorer, they will stop spending, thereby decreasing GDP and further exacerbating an already declining market. The Housing Market: The housing market is one of 10 leading economic indicators and a good measurement of discretionary spending by the general public making up 5% of the value of the overall economy. When the economy is up, people have a tendency to spend more and housing permits and sales are good indicators of this trend. When the economy slows people spend and building and buying will have a tendency to decline. The concern in the current housing market is with the recent surge in defaults with sub-prime loans. This trend is a major factor in the current decline of the housing market which can act as a deterrent to growth and can cause a ripple effect in the rest of the economy.

Tesco and Sainsbury Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Tesco and Sainsbury - Case Study Example He has been reduced to working from home most of the times. After deliberations with the family members, Howard has opted to retire from the company completely at the end of this year. He will relocate to Kenya, due to warm climate here. This will be good for his health. Having graduated recently with an undergraduate degree in business management, Howard has selected me, as his eldest child, to take over the running of the business. I plan to make radical changes to Stellion Convenient Stores. This is to make sure that it grows, instead of the current stagnation. To this end, am carrying out a research on Tesco and Sainsbury stores. The results of this research will help me in making the decisions that are necessary for this company. Tesco has a unique form of organizational structure. It is devolved and decentralized. This means that rather decisions been made by the top tier managers and passed down the hierarchy, the managers at the lower levels can make decisions (Crowther & McNiff: 2004). What the top tier managers at Tesco do is just to arm the lower cadre managers with general terms like price list and terms and conditions. But the rest of the decisions, like determining which staffs work where are determined by the lower managers (Crowther & McNiff: 2004). Each branch of this chain of supermarkets has its own manager. This is the one who decides on matters to do with the store, and then he makes a report to the regional manager. The hierarchy of Tesco supermarkets can be looked at as been flat. There are six tiers of hierarchy between the highest official, who is the C.E.O, and the lowest staff, who is the checkout cashier. Since the organisation has several branches, there exist two separate but interrelated forms of structures (Crowther & McNiff: 2004). The first is for the whole company, while the second is for each of the branches, which can also be referred to as regional or internal organisation structure. Every company has norms and values that are common amongst the employees. This is what is referred to as the organisational culture (Mullins: 2008). There are weekly meetings for the employees, where they get the opportunity to share ideas and suggestions about the running of Tesco. During these meetings, the management gets the feedback from their staff on how the business is running, since the workers are the ones who are in direct contact with the customers (Mullins: 2008). It is also the culture of Tesco to inform the employees of new developments in the company, for example change in terms and conditions, during these meetings. The chain of supermarkets has adopted a slogan "every little helps", which shows how they value their employees and customers. Every little input from these employees and customers aimed at improving the business of this company is appreciated. The culture adopted by Tesco helps both the employees and the customers. For example the weekly meetings and update from the company makes the employees feel that they are part of the company, they are not alienated (Crowther & McNiff: 2004). The employees are allowed to make suggestions as to the best way of running the company, they become a part in the decision making process. They feel that they have control over their work, which is really good for morale (Crowther & McNiff: 2004). The customers get their feelings and suggestions relayed to

Change and Organizations Essay Example for Free

Change and Organizations Essay Change in organizations is an ongoing process. Change can either be planned or an unexpected result of a decision or other event (Grossman Valiga, 2009). The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss a change that has been implemented within the organization. Identity of the Instituted Change The changes necessitated by healthcare reform and consequences of the economy are challenging hospital administrators to decide how they will thrive and respond. A change instituted by the Chief Nursing Officer (CNO) at the hospital where I am employed is the discontinuation of special pay practices. The special pay practices involved are compensation for 40 hours per week when actual worked hours are 36 and compensation for at least a 4 hour minimum. This change has a positive financial impact which allows for growth of the organization. However, if not managed effectively, this change could have a negative effect on staff morale. Decisions by Leader Before implementing the discontinuation of special pay practices, the CNO communicated the goal to the directors and managers of the organization. A plan for roll out to the organization was developed. By building upon and partnering with leaders of the organization, successful shaping of the future can occur (Grossman Valiga, 2009). While this change created turmoil within the organization, the leaders were armed with the necessary information to positively respond to employees. The CNO clearly defined the vision for the future of the organization. Pointing out with the disappearance of special pay practices, the decision was made to increase certification pay and tuition reimbursement. This change gives way to empowerment of self and aids in achieving personal and professional goals. According to Grossman and Valiga (2009), the leader can help staff rise to their highest level of competency. Connection to the Organization Interconnected pieces of the organization that can be effected by the CNO’s decisions are structural, political, human resource, and organizational culture (Grossman Valiga, 2009). The structural piece is connected by effecting nursing departments throughout the organization. While those departments with 8 hour shifts are minimally effected, those with 12 hour shifts are significantly impacted. The political piece has ramifications of a positive nature for the organization. Funds that are saved from the special pay practices change can be utilized to augment other programs for growth. The human resource piece has a significant impact by the decision to delete the special pay practices. Employees are affected by a decrease in pay resulting in employee dissatisfaction if the change is not accepted or understood. Organizational culture is affected by removing special pay practices as an option, going forward; the culture will focus on certification pay and tuition reimbursement. The new way or new leadership will adjust to form relationships and connect others to challenge old, bureaucratic organizational structures and old ways of doing things (Grossman Valiga, 2009). Summary The discontinuation of special pay practices is a change that has been implemented within the organization. Leaders of the organization were given the necessary information to respond to employees as a result of the change. Decisions made effect the structural, political, human resource, and culture of an organization. Reference Grossman, S.C., Valiga, T.M., (2009). The new leadership challenge: Creating the future of nursing (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA

Analysis of The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin :: The Story of an Hour Kate Chopin

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In "The Story of an Hour" Kate Chopin tells the story of a woman, Mrs. Mallard whose husband is thought to be dead. Throughout the story Chopin describes the emotions Mrs. Mallard felt about the news of her husband's death. However, the strong emotions she felt were not despair or sadness, they were something else. In a way she was relieved more than she was upset, and almost rejoiced in the thought of her husband no longer living. In using different literary elements throughout the story, Chopin conveys this to us on more than one occasion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the third paragraph of the story, Chopin describes Mrs. Mallard as she goes into her room and sits on an armchair. Chopin describes how Mallard ?sank pressed down by a physical exhaustion that haunted the body and seemed to reach into her soul?. In this point of the story Chopin uses symbolism connecting Mrs. Mallard and the chair, the chair representing the death of her husband and her feelings about it. How it was ?a comfortable roomy chair?, she is showing us how Mrs. Mallard was ?comfortable? with her husband?s death and now felt she had room to exist freely. This is supported by the lines ?she would live for herself now. There would be no powerful will bending her in the blind?? This demonstrating to the reader that she felt controlled by her husband, and that she would no longer bet tied down to the ways of the time, which were men control women. This also supported by Jennifer Hicks in her overview of the story which states " Later, when we see Mrs. Mall ard "warm and relaxed", we realize that problem with her heart is that her marriage has not allowed her to "live for herself"."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another example of how Mrs. Mallard was more uplifted than brought down by the news of her husband?s death is the description of the window. As Mrs. Mallard looks out Chopin explains ?she could see in the open square before her house the tops of trees that were all a quiver with new life?. This is telling the reader about the new life that Mrs. Mallard can see in the distance that symbolizes the new life she saw that lay ahead of her now that she was free of her husband. This thought being supported by Hicks in saying "The revalation of freedom occurs in the bedroom"

Collusion Between British Airways and Virgin

The tacit collusion case to be discussed involves the illegal collusion and setting of fuel surcharges to commercial and cargo transatlantic fares between British Airways (BA) and Virgin Atlantic Airways (Virgin). The factors which contributed to its success will be discussed, as well as why, and its implications, of becoming public. To begin with, it would be beneficial to define both collusive behaviour and the nature of the competition involved in the aviation industry. Collusion is the act of a number of firms within an industry agreeing to set a certain price, output or another parameter and is almost always against the law.This is as they all compete in the given industry, with the setting of prices or outputs done in favour of the companies, and is therefore anti-competitive behaviour, as this moves the outcome away from the market equilibrium. The generated inefficiency is considered illegal by The Office of Fair Trading (OFT) within the UK, who’s mission is to protect consumer welfare whilst ensuring businesses remain competitive and fair (OFT,2011). A brief overview of the UK aviation industry will help in explaining and justifying certain factors which led to the successful collusion.Aviation is key not only for transportation purposes but for commercial flights, employing around 234,000 staff and contributing ? 18. 4 billion to Gross National Product (GNP). The industry is not only essential for global business and trade, but 75% of all visitors to the UK travel by air and adds a further ? 14 billion towards GNP (BATA, 2011). The USA and the European Union have signed an ‘open skies agreement’ allowing full access to all routes between the two continents, although is more restrictive to EU airlines (IACA, 2007).In the specific case of BA and Virgin, oil price rises based on the price of barrel oil as shown in ‘Appendix 1’, created rising fuel costs and uncertainty over future profit levels. Several airlines in the UK and global aviation industry brought in flexible fuel surcharges for passengers and cargo planes. The tacit collusion case of Virgin and BA showed that through communication, and agreeing to certain price rises at a given date, the negative impacts on production costs can be in part offset direct to the consumer. Through the formation of such an agreement, a ‘prisoner’s dilemma’ game scenario is formed.This game revolves around joint outcomes based on individual actions, and the payoffs which are created from this. The choice to co-operate in decision making proves to be more beneficial than the absence of any collusive behaviour, although there is always the threat of deviation to add even more uncertainty to the question. Carlton and Perloff (2003) describes how in such a game, both firms must consider each rival’s actions when making their own, and relate the combination of actions to determine best policy. Airline Market – Transatlantic flights | | | | Virgin Atlantic| | | | High surcharge| Low surcharge|British| Higher surcharge| 25,25| 15,30| Airways| Lower surcharge| 30,15| 10,10| | | | | | | Profit from Cooperation = 25 + Profit from deviation= 30 + Note: ? D > ? C if r > 1 will prove that deviation from collusion unlikely This constructed game holds several assumptions which may be of use to explain the relative success of the collusive agreement. To begin with, it involves the firms meeting and setting prices more than once, in a repeated game, as fuel surcharges are relatively flexible prices which were changed to relate to the price of fuel, which was extremely volatile as shown in Appendix A.Following on from this repeated game, it is also for an undefined period. As the price rises came very suddenly, it created an uncertain future with no foreseeable end. Carlton and Perloff (2003) agree with the theory that in a multi-period game, deviation becomes much more costly, and through signalling can lead to suc cessful collusion to benefit both parties. Edgeworth (1897) touches upon capacity constraints which are relative here in the theoretical success of this collusion, when based around the residual demand faced by both firms when looking at its pricing strategy (Carlton and Perloff, 2003).As the nature of the good is a seat on a plane, clearly capacity constraints are present in the form of the limited seating on aircraft, as well as the inability to in the short run increase output beyond full capacity. During the setting of price, clear communication will most likely result in a non-static equilibrium. As well as this, the symmetry in terms of the market and cost structures has played a part in creating a successful cartel. Each firm produces a relatively homogenous good in terms of economy, business or first class, with a limited amount of features it can differentiate itself from its competitors.As well as this, using Figure 1, which will be discussed later on, demonstrates that th e main costs to an airline are those which cannot be easily reduced or offset, most notably the cost of fuel and aircraft maintenance. Therefore both firms have near perfect knowledge of the cost structure and revenue through observing prices, and will aid in choosing a certain pricing strategy. What follows will be a detailed discussion of the specific market conditions which lead to the successful collusion between BA and Virgin.The UK Transatlantic Flight market as a whole can be said to hold many key factors which have led to successful collusion. The first is due to the high levels of barriers to entry; the level of costs specific to new entrants in the market. Barriers to entry show that new entrants find it extremely difficult to raise the financial capital needed to establish themselves as long term competitors. The nature of these costs also plays a part, with a high amount resulting in ‘sunk costs’ which are not transferable to any other industry such as an ae roplane and machinery specific to air travel.Emphasis also has to be placed on barriers to entry which do not take a physical form, with the restricted capacity of many major airports and regulation within the aviation industry significantly limits the ability to expand operations. An airline company needs to purchase several assets in order to offer the product of a transatlantic flight to a HUB in the USA. The first begins with the licence to operate in an airport and the parking/docking bay such as Manchester or Gatwick. With limited capacity at many leading airports both in the UK and the USA, they become extremely costly.With Heathrow being used as the main airport for comparison, due to the fact both BA and Virgin primarily operate there, Appendix B shows the extensive capacity constraints for all slots throughout each day. The purchase and maintenance of aircraft is clearly an essential fixed cost, and with strict litigation procedures meaning that there is little opportunity to save costs. The last main fixed cost is in the form of landing fees and en route charges, which each airline needs to pay. Figure 1 (British Airways, 2010)Figure 1 attempts to demonstrate these barriers to entry, which prevents new firms from entering the market after the monopoly pricing of fuel surcharges sends a signal to potential competitors for the opportunity of supernormal profits. The largest growth in the cost structure for British Airways has been in the sections discussed which pose the biggest barriers to entry; fuel and oil costs at 44. 5%, landing fees at 14. 2% and engineering and other aircraft costs at 13. 1%, placing ever more emphasis on the difficulty for new firms to compete in this market (British Airways, 2010).Another key factor which contributed to the successful collusion was the weak buyer power in the demand for air travel, and in this specific case for transatlantic flights. The nature of the good is long distance travel, both for leisure and busine ss with no other direct substitute in terms of time and comfort of travel. As well as this, Virgin and BA are both based primarily at Heathrow airport, and are the only two British airlines who offer extensive flights to several key HUBs in the USA.Along with three U. S airlines they make up the total flights offered to the USA from the busiest airport in the world in terms of international passengers (ACI, 2011). The two combined impact upon the price elasticity of demand, a key concept which may help illustrate why the collusion was a success. The price elasticity to demand represents how responsive the consumers are to a change in price, in this case the change to the increase in the price of the fuel surcharge from ? 5 to ? 0 between the period August 2004 – January 2006 (OFT, 2007). The nature of the good is relatively price inelastic as no low cost airline or competitor can offer the same flight schedule to the important airports in the US, such as New York (JFK). Going hand in hand, this type of travel cannot simply be postponed or chosen differently, especially for business people who have little power over the price they will pay but quite significantly have less financial constraints than those travelling for leisure.There have been many cases of tacit collusion which have been broken down within the UK, through the act of the Competition Commission (CC) and the OFT investigating what it deems could be found to be collusive, illegal behaviour. The case of BA and Virgin is a unique one as to how it was broken down. The agreement ended directly through Virgin Atlantic Airways admitting to the collusive behaviour directly to the Office of Fair Trade. There may be both relevant theoretical and practical explanations as to why Virgin deviated from co-operation, which will be outlined briefly.Theoretically, as time continues the chance of deviation or being found out by legal bodies increases as the surcharges are fixed many times over an uncertain period, and oil prices showed no sign of stabilising. With no foreseeable end to the game leaving both firms with an area of uncertainty, and the threat of punishment playing an ever more important role, certain strategies in the game may have been altered. However, practically it may prove to offer a more credible reason as to why Virgin ended the collusive agreement by going to the relevant authorities.With the fine by the OFT standing at ? 121. 5 million, and the Department of Justice fining BA ? 148 million as the case was co-ordinated between both countries, the cost of colluding was severe (OFT,2007 BBC, 2007). As well as this, the timeline constructed in Appendix C highlights the previous hostile relationship of the two parties. Even though Virgin cannot compete financially or in number of flights/routes, a fierce rivalry and competitive relationship has always existed with Virgin Atlantic being the only British non-flag carrier to survive the transatlantic flight market.This collusive agreement then goes exactly to the contrary of what has just been set out, so it may lead to one believing Virgin set out with this goal from the start, or once it became clear a court case would mean the parties involved would financially suffer, Virgin used the immunity clause to allow the collusion became public knowledge. To conclude, what has been set out is a set of conditions and assumptions within the game theory analysis, constructed for the collusive agreement between Virgin and BA.It aided in discussing the collusion itself, and the nature of which resulted in its success. Following on, the most significant market structural conditions were discussed relating to how they facilitated the successful collusion between the two parties. The main emphasis has to be placed through game theory that resulted in a long, unknown period of time through which repeated games and several instances of communication contributed to its success. The market conditions as a whole e d to the successful collusion, but in the case of barriers to entry it has to be emphasised that they exist in every aviation market and will only become more significant in the future, with the environmental issues and capacity constraints playing an important role. The weak buyer power of consumers contributed hugely, to not only the surcharge actually being introduced, but following on to at least 6 occasions of joint price increases. The amount BA was fined is a clear signal to all other firms that collusive behaviour will be punished severely, and therefore promotes its own punishment strategy.References ACI, 2011 – ‘Year to date International Passenger Traffic December 2010’, Airports Council International accessed from http://www. aci. aero/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c. jsp? zn=aci&cp=1-5-212-1376-1379_666_2 as of 22nd March 2010 BATA, 2011 – ‘Welcome to the British Air Transport association’, British Air Transport As sociation accessed from http://www. bata. uk. com/Web/Default. aspx as of 21st March 2011 BBC, 1993 – ‘1993: BA dirty tricks against Virgin cost ? 3m’, accessed from http://news. bc. co. uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/11/newsid_2520000/2520189. stm as of 24th March 2011 BBC, 2007 – ‘BA's price-fix fine reaches ? 270m’, British Broadcasting Association accessed from http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/business/6925397. stm as of 24th March 2011 British Airways, 2010 – Chief Financial Officer’s Report, 2008/09 Annual Report and Accounts, Table from page 14 accessed from http://www. britishairways. com/cms/global/microsites/ba_reports0809/pdfs/CFO. pdf as of 22nd March 2011Carlton and Perloff, 2003 – Modern Industrial Organization, Chapter 6: Oligopoly, pages 160-192, Pearson Education; 4 edition (1 May 2003) Europa, 2000 – ‘COMMISSION DECISION of 14 July 1999 relating to a proceeding under Article 82 of the EC Treaty (IV/D-2/34. 780 . Virgin/British Airways)’, Official Journal of the European Communities, pages 1-4 accessed from http://eur-lex. europa. eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ. do? uri=OJ:l:2000:030:0001:0024:en:PDF as of 24th March 2011 IACA, 2007 – Press Releases: ‘EU-US Open SkiesDeal – Not So Open for European Airlines’, International Air Carriers Association accessed http://www. iaca. be/index. cfm? 79FD0308-BDBE-2776-0614-E6942D8F1AB5 as of 26th March 2011 Mongabay,2009 – ‘10-year commodity price chart for Crude oil’, Compiled by mongabay. com using figures from World Bank Commodity Price Data, accessed from http://www. mongabay. com/images/commodities/charts/crude_oil. html as of 11th March 2011 OFT, 2006 – Report on Transport, ‘UK airports: Report on the market study and proposed decision to make a market investigation reference’, page 139 accessed from http://www. ft. gov. uk/shared_oft/reports/transport/of t882. pdf as of 23rd March 2011 OFT, 2007 – The Office of Fair Trading, Press releases 2007: ‘British Airways to pay record ? 121. 5m penalty in price fixing investigation’, accessed from http://www. oft. gov. uk/news-and-updates/press/2007/113-07 as of 23rd March 2011 OFT,2011 – The Office of Fair Trading, ‘Making markets work well for consumers’, accessed from http://www. oft. gov. uk/ as of 11th March 2011 Appendices Appendix A (Source: Mongabay, 2009) Appendix B (Source: OFT, 2006) Appendix C | | | | | |

The Mental Condition Of Bipolar Disorder - 1728 Words

When interviewing the client, JD, he explained how important it is to have the â€Å"right† attitude about yourself and life if you are a person who is living with a chronic condition. JD happens to have a treatable condition that affects his mind. Bipolar I Disorder, as the DSM-5, specifies, is a mental condition in which doctors do not fully understand. Through the more recent years doctors have gained understanding therefore able to treat the disorder more effectively. What they do understand is that it is a genetic disorder, it affects the moods and can impact an individual to be at a very high mania to a low depression. This spectrum can greatly affect a person’s life and the relationships they have with others. According to the DSM 5,†¦show more content†¦JD describes this experience in the interview as a very religious experience. â€Å"I believed I was hearing from God and he had given me meanings to things others could not see.† JD explains that others around him noticed his odd behavior even though he did not think him as acting odd because he had an explanation for why he was doing everything he was doing. He describes this time as very frustrating and lonely. â€Å"I felt like no could understand me.† After JD left the hospital, two weeks later, he was still have manic thoughts and experiencing depressive moods. He was self admitted to an inpatient care facility where he stayed for another 3 months out of concern for his safety and safety of others. JD says he hated that part. The facility was full of people that were a lot â€Å"crazier† then him, he says â€Å"it was not a good environment for me to be in in tht state of mind, if it did anything it tau ght me how to fake being happy so I could get out of there, because being locked up with those people made me feel worse then when I went in.† After he came out of the hospital things didn’t become normal for him until about three months after that. For the next almost nine years he was fine having normal moods accourding to the situation and living life. He found a career , got married to his wife and lived with her in a apartment not far from where he was attending college at the time the second episode